康德到谢林:主客体矛盾的呈现和在主观中的消解

康德以认识论上的哥白尼革命开启了德国的主体性哲学,但康德、费希特将主体和客体的关系片面化为客体对主体的服从,就远离了启蒙运动以来的唯物主义原则,谢林试图将这一唯物主义原则补充进哲学。谢林既肯定康德的主体中的纯粹理性的存在,又认为客体中存在同样的客观理性,认为这两者具有"先定的和谐",两者是绝对同一的。谢林认为这种先定的和谐只有少数天才在"理智"、"直观"和"美感"中才能把握。谢林将主客体的矛盾内化为主体内在的感觉,并在感觉中、在艺术中消解这种矛盾,使哲学和艺术成了一种纯粹个人的东西,哲学和艺术失去客观性和普遍性,走上了通往神秘主义的路径。

From Kant to Schelling:Presenting of Subject & Object and Dispelling of Subjectivity

Kant exposed German subjectivity philosophy basis for Copernican Revolution in epistemology,but Kant and Fichte made the relationship between subject and object the same as the compliance of object to subject is a unilateral point which was far away from materialism principle in enlightment campaign,and Schelling attempted to put this principle into philosophy.Schelling on one hand admitted the existence of the pure reason in subject,and on the other hand,he believed the existence of the same objective reason in object,and they both had innate harmony,they are an absolute identity.Schelling thought this innate harmony could only be seized by minor geniuses in "reason","intuition" and "aesthetic perception".Schelling internalized the contradiction of subject and object into the inner perception of subject,and dispelled this conflict in feelings and art,which caused philosophy and art to become a pure individual stuff,thus,philosophy and art lost their objectivity and universality,and led them to a mysterious direction.