供应商核损害赔偿责任豁免的反思与重构

基于保护受害人和促进核工业发展的考虑,豁免供应商对第三方的核损害赔偿责任成为国际惯例。但在实践中,责任豁免的范围被扩大到因供应商过错造成的核事故对营运人的损害。笔者认为,供应商核损害赔偿责任的绝对豁免不仅造成供应商与营运人权利义务的绝对失衡,有违公平公正,而且不利于敦促供应商加强质量管理与监督,从源头上防范核事故的发生。文章进而对供应商核损害赔偿责任进行了从绝对豁免到相对豁免的重构,建议明确规定供应商对因其原因造成核事故引起的核设施本身及营运人其他现场财产的损害承担赔偿责任,细化责任的实现途径。同时,借鉴各国在食品、药品等特殊领域废除适用发展风险抗辩的做法,要求核材料、核产品供应商承担产品发展风险责任。

Reflection and Reconstruction on Exemption of Supplier's Compensation Liability for Nuclear Damage

Based on the consideration of victim protection and nuclear industry promotion,the paper discusses that it becomes international convention to exempt supplier’s compensation liability for nuclear damage to the third-party.However,in practice,the scope of liability exemption was extended to nuclear accident damage of the operator due to the fault of the supplier.The author believes that absolute exemption of supplier’s compensation liability for nuclear damage not only leads to absolute imbalance of rights and obligations between operator and supplier,but also goes against the trend of strengthening quality management and supervision to prevent nuclear accidents from the source.Then it reconstructs supplier’s compensation liability for nuclear damage from absolute exemption to relative exemption,suggests that supplier shoud shoulder compensation liability for nuclear damage of the operator due to the fault of the supplier.Using the practice of abolish development risk defense for reference,the author requests supplier of nuclear materials and nuclear equipment for the development risk responsibility.