论证的实质与适应范围——关于论证的两点思考

论证,是以论题与论据之间的逻辑关系为基础,从一个或一些已知真假的论据,确定某个论题的真实性或虚假性的陈述句的序列.它有两种不同的类型:一种是证明,它的作用是确定论题的真实性;一种是证伪,它的作用是确定论题的虚假性.论证有明确的适用范围,作为论题,同语反复的逻辑真理和自相矛盾的逻辑谬误,无需论证;形而上的哲学命题、江湖术士的鬼话和类语句的字符序列,既无法证明也无法证伪;无限的全称陈述,只能证伪不能证明;无限的特称陈述,只能证明不能证伪;能够证明同时也能够证伪的,只能是意义明确的有限的全称陈述和有限的特称陈述.

The Essence of Demonstration and Its Application Scope

Demonstration, based on the logical relation of proposition and grounds of argument, defines the statement order of one or some true or false arguments from one or some known arguments. It has two different types: one is proven true that defines the truth of view, the other is proven false that defines the false of view. Demonstration has a clear-cut application scope. As proposition, logical truth of tautology and logical fault of self-contradiction need not to be demonstrated. Metaphysical philosophical demonstration and the lies of swindlers and order of words and symbols of similar sentences can not be proved true and false. Pure complete statement only proves false not true. Pure special statement only proves true not false. What can prove not only true but also false is only limited complete statement and special statement.