乾隆朝八旗汉军身份变化述论

八旗汉军是清朝社会中游移于旗与民之间的一个特殊群体。本文主要探讨八旗汉军建制完成至乾隆皇帝令汉军出旗为民这一历史时期汉军的遭遇命运。汉军建制完成使得辽东汉人由明王朝统治下的边民变成为八旗体系中的旗人,乾隆时期允许汉军出旗为民又使得汉军获得了选择身份的自由。在清朝统治与八旗汉军身份变化的调控与制衡中,汉军来源于汉人以及清朝统治者始终与汉军保持着的疏离感使他们最终被政府所抛弃。汉军的出旗不仅有利于八旗制度和清代社会继续有序地发展,同时在这一过程中,清朝统治者对汉军旗人身份认同中既依靠、利用,但又疑虑、排斥的趋向也得到了真实体现。

A Discussion on the Status Changing of the Han Army of the Eight Banners in Qianlong Dynasty

The Han Army of the Eight Banners was a special troop vacillating between Qi (a military-administrative organizations of the Man nationality in Qing Dynasty of China.) and civilians in Qing Dynasty. This article discussed mainly the encounters of the Han Army during the historical period from the establishment of Han Army of the Eight Banners to the time when the Emperor Qianlong ordered the Han Army left Qi and became civilians. The establishment of Han Army turned the inhabitants of border area among the Liaodong Han people governed in Ming Dynasty into the Bannermen of the Eight Banners system. In Qianlong period, the Han Army acquired freedom of choosing their status when the Han Army was allowed to leave Qi and become civilians. In the regulating and controlling between the governing of Qing Dynasty and the changing of the Han Army of the Eight Banners, the Han Army was abandoned by Qing Government because they came from Han people, and what's more, the governers of Qing Dynasty always kept them at a distance. The Han Army's leaving from Qi was beneficial to the continual development of the Eight Banners system and the society of Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the trend was really embodied that the governers of Qing Dynasty relied on and made use of the Han Army as well as suspected and excluded them during this period when the governers of Qing Dynasty recognized the bannerman's status of the Han Army.