《鹿特丹规则》承运人识别制度及其本土化反思

如何正确识别承运人、判定适格被告，是困扰我国乃至国际海商法理论与实践已久的问题。《鹿特丹规则》采用“运输单证标准”、“凭身份推定责任”的立法模式，力图建构出彻底解决承运人识别困境的制度，并在我国引起了是否要将该制度引入《海商法》的讨论。但是实际上，《鹿特丹规则》承运人识别制度不但在解释论上存在矛盾化的双重标准，可能在实际适用中造成混乱，其立法模式与内容也在立法时备受质疑，并且与国际社会主流构成要件主义立法例相差甚远而难以形成国际共识。更重要的是，若将这一制度引入我国，不但会因其与我国本土海商法治资源差异甚大而产生水土不服，亦无益于我国国家航运利益与贸易利益保护。

Identification of the Carrier under the Rotterdam Rules---A Rethinking of Incorporation of International Norms

How to correctly identify carrier and determine qualified defendant ,has troubled the mari-time legal academia and legal practice in China for long .By adopting a＆quot;transport document primacy stand-ard＆quot;and creating an ＆quot;identity-based presumed liability regime＆quot;,the Rotterdam Rules aims to fundamental-ly address the carrier identification dilemma .It has aroused a fierce debate as w hether to incorporate the Rotterdam Rules which make us further rethink about incorporating international norms .However ,as far as the author concerned ,the Rotterdam Rules＇carrier identification regime show s contradictory bifurcated standards w hich may lead to confusion in practice .Even some Rotterdam Rules＇framers hold a conservative attitude as such regime greatly deviates from the traditional legislative model and therefore may be lack of international consensus .Most importantly ,incorporating such a new and unstable regime into our mari-time institutions may cause a tremendous crack due to the incompatibility between the new regime and our local maritime legal resources ;neither will it benefit our national shipping interests nor international trade interests .