内在运气，自主性，以及道德责任的恰当性——对伯纳德·威廉斯《道德运气》的一个解读

道德运气问题是一个有着重要意义的伦理学问题,对于道德运气的观点影响着我们对人的自主性以及道德责任赋予的恰当条件的理解,甚至影响着我们对于一些道德体系的一致性的判断.在当代对于道德运气问题的探讨中,伯纳德·威廉斯占据重要的位置,这不仅是因为他所持有的道德运气主张,更是因为他在这个问题的探讨中对一些传统道德体系所进行的批判.借助于内在运气、外在运气的区分,威廉斯揭示了道德运气问题的根本症结,并不是道德运气与控制条件的矛盾,而是将道德要求看作无条件的、非个体的、以及至高无上的.本文试图说明的是,尽管道德运气现在已经得到多数人的承认,然而运气对于道德判断的影响也不是无条件的,只有那些真正进入人的选择和人生计划的思考、权衡范围内的运气因素,才能成为对我们有着实质意义并且我们能够对其承担责任的运气.

Internal Luck, Autonomy and the Appropriateness of Moral Responsibility——An Interpretation of Bernard Williams' Moral Luck

Moral luck is an ethical issue with great significance because its interpretation exerts influence on our understanding of autonomy and moral responsibility as well as the coherence of some moral systems. Bernard Williams is an influential scholar in this field because of his view on moral luck and his criticism of some traditional moral systems. Through his division of internal luck and external luck, Williams has revealed the nature of moral luck that is not related to the contradiction between moral luck and its controlling conditions but to the viewpoint of regarding the moral demand as unconditional, non-individual and supreme. The paper points out that though most people have acknowledged the existence of moral luck, the influence of luck on moral judgment is conditional. Only the luck-related factors that have entered our choice and planning for life have practical significance and are proper for our responsibility.