Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators |
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| Authors: | Amery D Wu Bruno D Zumbo |
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| Institution: | (1) Department of ECPS, University of British Columbia, Scarfe Building, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 |
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| Abstract: | Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of
mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in
the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved
in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The
essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example
of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation
and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed
conceptually.
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| Keywords: | Mediator Moderator Moderated mediation Mediated moderation Cause and effect Structural equation model Experimental design |
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