雇佣劳动的嬗变与当代资本主义的自我调节——阿格里塔的调节理论及其评价

阿格里塔从经验而非本质层面的雇佣劳动关系出发,指出雇佣劳动者与资本家围绕着劳动条件等问题而展开的阶级斗争,推动了资本主义劳动过程的不断演变和当代资本主义的自我调节。在他看来,泰勒制劳动过程就是为了应对以前劳动过程中经常滋生的阶级斗争而出现的,它体现了机械化原则在劳动过程中的彻底运用,雇佣工人在这一劳动模式中完全臣服于机器体系以及劳动力的产品形式,因此阶级斗争依然存在。福特制资本主义劳动过程则是为了解决这一问题而产生,它的根本原则是生产过程和消费模式相结合;不过这一劳动过程同样留下了工人对生产条件的不满等问题。为了解决这些问题,后福特制资本主义劳动过程应运而生,这一劳动过程在建构弹性化的、灵活性的生产模式的同时,进一步推进了劳动的抽象化;至于它到底有没有彻底消除雇佣工人与资本家之间阶级斗争的可能性,还有待于对这一过程的进一步观察。阿格里塔的上述思路在方法论上试图调和“抽象”与“具体”之间的关系,但实际上是抛开了“抽象”,完全走向经验性的“具体”。

Transformation in Labour Process and Regulation of Contemporary Capitalism——Michel Aglietta's Regulation Theory: A Critique

In the perspective of empirical findings rather than history, Michel Aglietta indicates that the class struggles between laborers and capitalists for such issues as working conditions brings forth changes in the capitalist labor process and the self-regulation of contemporary capitalism. In his view, Taylorism was a resistance, on the capitalist side, to the class struggles arising from the labor process; it embodies the mechanism fully applied in the labor process, in which hired laborers were completely subjected to the machinery and the output. Thus, class struggles in no sense disappeared. Fordism, a proposed solution to the struggles, was principally an integration of production process with consumption. Nevertheless, it left behind laborers' complaint of the poor working conditions. To solve these problems, post-Fordism ushered in a flexible mode of production only to find labor itself more abstract. Whether the class struggles have been eradicated is a matter of wait-and-see. Methodologically, Michel Aglietta tried to fill up the gap between "abstractness" and "concreteness", but in reality he replaced the abstractness with empirical concreteness.