论正当观念的源起与道义论的生成

本文运用道德发生学的溯源法，揭示正当观念的起源与伦理学道义论的生成。第一部分，古代民族的正当观念。正当是一种基本的道德评价用语。语言中出现正当或不当这样的字眼，表明使用者在以正当观念为工具实施道德判断。正当观念在荷马时代处于萌芽状态，而应当、合宜、合法、合理这些观念已经产生。赫拉克利特、德谟克利特、柏拉图、亚里士多德等哲学家使用过一些表示正当观念的语词，但没有深入阐发正当的伦理意义。第二部分，义务概念和义务论的诞生。斯多亚学派创始人芝诺提出了义务概念，创建了义务论学说。古罗马共和国哲学家西塞罗撰写《论义务》。他借鉴斯多亚学派哲学家帕奈提乌的思想，讨论道德生活的基本准则以及人在社会生活中应当履行的各种义务。第三部分，西塞罗道义论思想的理论特征。西塞罗在《论义务》中建构了一种道义理论。西塞罗在义利相融或义利冲突的语境中阐释义务，强调义务先于利益，肯定在道德选择上要舍利取义。这正是道义论伦理学的基本特点。

On the Origin of the Concept of Justice and the Formation of the Deontological Theory

This paper uses the tracing method of moral genesis to reveal the origin of the concept of justice and the formation of ethical deontology. The first part discusses the ancient people''s concept of justice which is a basic expression of moral evaluation. The proper or improper expression in language indicates that the language user is trying to use the concept of justice as a tool to exercise moral judgment. The idea of justice was in its infancy in Homer''s time, but the ideas of obligation, propriety, legality, and reasonableness had already come into being. Philosophers such as Heraclitus, Democritus, Plato and Aristotle used some words to express the concept of justice, but they did not clearly explain its ethical meaning. The second part expounds the birth of the conception of duty and its theory put forward by Zeno, who was the founder of the Stoic school. Roman philosopher Cicero wrote On Duty in which he drew on the ideas of the Stoic philosopher Panaetius, and discussed the basic principles of moral life and the various obligations that people should fulfill in social life. The third part analyzes the characteristics of the deontological theory in On Duty by Cicero, who interprets duty in the context of harmony or conflict between justice and interests, emphasizing that duty precedes interest and affirming that in moral choice it is a must to give up the interests and take justice. This is the basic characteristic of deontological ethics.