单位体制下男女平等就业的政治过程及其局限性

计划经济时代,中国在男女平等就业方面取得了巨大的成就,这些成就是国家通过单位体制的制度设置,运用政治过程推动和实践的结果。单位组织作为联结国家和个人的中介,将男女平等的国家意识形态在就业方面予以贯彻落实。同时,单位组织自身的福利性质以及对家庭功能的替代为女性的平等就业提供了条件。但是,在单位体制下,促进就业平等的政治过程仍然存在着局限性,主要表现为女性比较难以进入核心部门;在组织中处在较低的职位层次;片面的平等对女性造成身心伤害。这些被平均主义分配政策掩盖的问题在市场化改革后逐渐显露出来。单位制度的变革,一方面使男女平等就业失去了有力的组织和制度保证;另一方面,也在为克服以往性别平等的局限性创造着条件。

Political Process and its Limitation in Equal Employment Between Man and Woman Under the Work-unit System

Under the system of planned economy,the Chinese made great achievements in equal employment between man and woman.Those achievements had been made by political mobilization which depended on the work-unit system.As a bridge across the state and society,those units brought the state's ideal of equal employment into reality.The character of unit welfare and functional replacement of the family provided condition to female's equal employment.But,under the unit system,there was limitation in the political process which promoted equal employment.The facts mainly lay in that it was difficult for females to enter the core sections and secure higher positions in an organization.The problem manifested itself gradually after the market-oriented reformation.On the one hand,the breakdown of the unit system deprives women of forceful organizations and system guarantee of employment in reality;on the other hand,it also creates conditions for the society to overcome the limitation of gender equality in the past.