从行政执法组织的设置和运作看中美两国地方政府的异同点

地方政府行政执法组织的设置和运作问题应当是行政学、法学诸多学科研究的重要问题,因为它直接影响着法律的实施效率和最终的实现,关系到社会健康、协调、稳定地发展。社会化的发展使政府的管理职能急剧增长,执法组织设置和运作的科学性日渐凸显。本文运用实证性的研究方法,对中美两国地方政府行政执法机关的组织机构、控制方式、协调与信息交换和决策方式进行了描述性研究。研究发现:从组织机构看:虽然两国都设置执法机构,但执行某一项法律,在中国一个特定的地域内会有2套以上的执法机构在发挥作用,而美国只有一套。从控制方式看,美国的市政府CEO对执法机构的组织设置、人员有直接的控制权,各个部/局长直接向市CEO负责,而中国在特有的条条块块的组织结构中,一个执法部门既有上级业务指导机关,又有行政领导机关,而且,在组织和人事上还要受中国共产党党的组织控制。关于行政执法组织之间的协调以及信息交换方式,美国各个行政执法机构之间存在着高度的协调和工作配合,而在中国诸多的各个不同行政执法部门之间的正式协调和横向的信息交换似乎不存在。决策方式在中国基本是自上而下,而在美国地方基本是自下而上。

Organizational Structure and Operation of Code Administration:A Study of Differences between Chinese and American Local Governments

The organizational structure and operation of local government code enforcement are major research interests in the field of government management and law.Their importance is reflected in the concerns with effectiveness of the code and law that directly relate to the development of a community.This study,based on empirical data,focuses on the differences between the Chinese and American local governments in the organizational structure of code enforcement units,the organizational control,coordination among different units,exchange of information and decision-making models.The study found that,in terms of organizational structure,although both countries have similar code enforcement units,there are two parallel systems that execute the same function in China while there is only one system in the U.S.In terms of organizational control,the city managers of U.S.cities have the full control of the code enforcement function,but in China there is a unique parallel control through two different systems of professional standard and party policies.Among various US local government code enforcement units there is a higher level of coordination in their operations.Official and horizontal exchange of information does not exist among Chinese code enforcement units.The decision-making model in China tends to be from top to down,while that in the U.S.is found to be bottom up.