清末民初文学翻译标准的发展轨迹

早期的文学翻译活动中,译述和意译风气盛行,虽然"信达雅"自提出后在晚清有较大影响,但实践者往往把"达"抑或"雅"放在首位,翻译主张和实践相脱节.伴随文学翻译中文学意识的自觉,"信"的标准被提出和实践,但译者往往注重内容和形式的刻划.五四运动爆发后,特别是随着翻译文学价值不断得到认可,文学翻译标准被屡次提出.经过广泛的讨论和实践的检验,"信"的内涵得到拓展,"达"的地位得以确立,文学翻译总体呈现出由重形似向重神似发展的趋势.

Evolution of Criteria for Literary Translation in Late Qing Dynasty and Early Days of the Republic

Free translation and reproduction dominated early literary translation in China. Faithfulness was hardly practiced even after Yan Fu proposed the influential criteria of "Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance". With the awakening of the translators'literary awareness, "faithfulness"was emphasized and practiced, but the focus was on the mechanical imitation of the original language form and contents. After the breakout of the May 4th Movement in 1919, especially with the improved status of translated literature, the criteria for literary translation became a topic of great concern. Through much heated discussion and wide practice, the scope of Faithfulness was extended to cover the style and spirit of the original work, and, in line with this extension, Expressiveness was established dialectically as one of the criteria. The overall trend was a shift from form resemblance to spirit resemblance.