论产品责任惩罚性赔偿的主观要件

我国《侵权责任法》第47条明确规定了产品责任的惩罚性赔偿,其中"明知产品存在缺陷仍然生产、销售"为主观构成要件,本文认为,这里的"明知"指明确知道行为必然或可能导致产品缺陷,而不包括对人身损害结果的明确理解。同时,"明知"不仅包括恶意和一般故意(直接故意和间接故意),还包括"准故意"即重大过失在内。此外,根据《侵权责任法》第46条的规定,生产者和销售者对于缺陷产品违反召回义务的,亦可构成上述"明知",并在造成他人死亡或健康严重损害时承担惩罚性赔偿的侵权责任。

On the Subjective Elements of Product Liability Punitive Damages

The Article 47 of Tort Law in China clearly defines the punitive damages m product liability, including ＂ knowingly produce and sell defective products ＂ as the subjective components. This paper argues that ＂ knowingly＂ here means clearly knowing the act will or is likely to result in product defects, and does not include the result for a clear understanding of personal injury. Meanwhile, the ＂ knowing＂ includes not only malice and intentional （direct and indirect intentional） , also includes ＂ quasi-intentional＂ or gross negligence. Besides, according to the Article 46 of Tort Law, producers and sellers break the recall obligation for defective products, which also constitutes the ＂ knowingly＂ , and they will bear the punitive damages when causing death or serious harm to the health.