先秦冥界神话考——兼论《楚辞·招魂》的神话学价值

根据安德烈·朗格“万物有灵”论和荣格“原型”理论，灵魂不灭自然观在远古社会普遍存在，幽冥世界是上古神话领域一个重要的母题。中华上古冥界神话独具特色。在人神杂糅的上古早期，神鬼相混为一，没有明确的天界、地界和冥界之分。商周时期出现了冥府的雏形，但此时的观念是人死后的灵魂归于极其险恶高峻的大山之上而不是归入地下。昆仑山是此时“天堂和地狱之山”的典型代表。战国中晚期，《楚辞·招魂》的出现显示了较为完整和成熟的冥府神话。它开创幽都冥界在于地下的神话内容，补充和发展了《山海经》《尚书》等置幽都于地上的古老提法，完整地显示了中国上古神话的三维结构模式，堪称是中国上古冥界神话的经典篇章。

A Study of Myth of Hell in Pre-Qin Dynasty: Concurrently on the Myth Value of "Backing Soul"

According to Andrew Lang＇ s theory of animist and Jung＇ s theory of prototype, there is a natural point of view on the existence of the ancient society, and that is perpetuating of the soul. Hell is an important area of ancient myth of the motif. Hell on the ancient Chinese myth has its own characteristics. God and Human in the confusion of the early ancient society, God and ghosts are also mixed as one, with no clear heaven, earth and geo- graphical differences. During the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou dynasty, Hell has become the prototype. But this time, the concept of the soul after death is return to the extremely high and dangerous mountains rather than those below the ground. Kunlun Mountains at this time is a typical representative of heaven and hell. Late in the Warring States Period, ＂ Songs of the South ？ Backing soul＂ show the emergence of a more comprehensive and mature hell myth. It created the myth that underground hell, developed the records that Hell lies in the ground which recorded in the ＂Book of Mountains and Seas＂, ＂Ancient book＂ and other books, fully demonstrates China＇s ancient myth of the three -dimensional structure model. It can be called ＂the classic chapter＂ of ancient Chinese myth of Hell.