美国政党特征探析

美国政党产生、发展于美国社会历史背景下,运作于美国政治体系中,因而具有与美国社会历史与政治体系相一致的独特性。主要采用理论与实证相结合的分析方法,从政党格局、政党组织纪律、政党组织成员、政党职能、党群关系、党政关系、政党间关系、政党价值等方面来探析美国的政党特征。通过探析可以得出美国政党的特征是:多党并存、两党为主的政党格局;党员身份确认宽松、变化快;松散的政党组织纪律;高志愿性的政党组织成员;政党的主要职能是竞选;党群之间的关系以选举为纽带;相对独立分开的党政关系;竞争、反对与不平等的政党间关系;实用主义的政党价值取向。但对美国的政党特征,中国政党不能盲目照搬与全盘接受而要辨证地对待之。

Analyzing the Characters of American Parties

American parties were born and have been developing in the background of American society and history, and work in the system of American politics, thus they have some uniqueness that are consistent with American society, history and politics. The article analyzes the characters of American parties mainly from the aspects that are party pattern, party organizations, party disciplines, members of party organization, party function, Constitution status of parties, relation between populace and parties, relation between government and parties, relation among parties and party value in a combination method of theory and Real diagnosis. We can draw by above analyzing that American parties have the characters as follows: there are two main parties in a lot of parties in party pattern; the identifications of party members are confirmed loose and change quickly; the voluntary of party organization members is high; the main function of parties is campaign; the Constitution status of parties is absent; election is the link between populace and parties; there is relative independent and separate relation between government and parties, there is competitive, against and unequal relation among parties; party value is pragmatism. Chinese parties can not accept completely and copy blindly the characteristics of American parties, but treat them dialectically.