我国四次创业浪潮的演进:从难民效应到企业家效应

文章研究了改革开放以来我国创业活动的发展历程及其演变规律,揭示了历次创业浪潮形成的经过、产生的经济背景及其发展状况.在统计分析历年新增私营企业增长变化的基础上,认为迄今为止我国一共出现了四次创业浪潮.基于引发创业活动的难民效应与企业家效应理论,研究发现,前三次创业浪潮形成过程中,难民效应发挥着主导作用,主要表现为创业者是以劳动力市场的困难者、失败者为主,普遍素质较低,创业行为大多属于被动型创业和生存型创业.第四次创业浪潮则呈现出由难民效应向企业家效应转变的趋势,创业者群体更加多样化,素质明显提高,机会型创业逐渐成为创业行为的主流.为了将第四次创业浪潮推向深入,必须正确处理好政府与市场的关系,不断提高创业扶持政策的实施效果和精准性,将提高创业质量作为推动双创活动的重要环节,继续强化创业创新的有效对接,加强培训提高创业层次,努力改善创业环境,以推动创业浪潮持续发展.

Evolution of Four Waves of Entrepreneurship in China:FromRefugee EffecttoEntrepreneur Effect

This paper studies the development and evolution of entrepreneurial activity in China since the reform and opening up to the world,which reveals the waves of entrepreneurship in their formation process,economic background and development. Based on the statistical analysis of the growth in the newly-emerging private enterprises, it concludes that there have been four waves of entrepreneurship in China so far. Based on the theory ofrefugee effectand the theory ofentrepreneurial effectwhich create entrepreneurial activities,this paper finds that in the previous three waves of entrepreneurship,refugee effecthas played a leading role, with the entrepreneurs mainly the losers in labor market who are generally low in their quality and whose entrepreneurial behaviors are mostly passive type and survival type. But in the 4th wave,it reveals a trend fromrefugee effecttoentrepreneurial effectin an evolutionary process of entrepreneurial activity, with diversified entrepreneur groups and obvi-ously high quality. Opportunity type entrepreneurship has gradually become a main entrepreneurial activity. In order to promote the 4th wave of entrepreneurship in depth,it is necessary to deal well with the relationship between government and market,con-tinuously improve the efficiency and accuracy of entrepreneurship support policy,pay attention to improve the quality of entrepre-neurship as the important link to implementmass entrepreneurship and innovation,strengthen the effective combination of en-trepreneurship and innovation,enhance the level of entrepreneurship by training,and make efforts to improve the business envi-ronment to push forward the development of entrepreneurial wave.