明朝西番地区应急性防御与洮州卫堡寨的兴废

洪武年间，因西番十八族叛乱，明廷在邻西番地区设洮州卫；嘉靖年间，西海蒙古侵扰加剧，万历时设临洮总兵。因明初西番的袭扰具有偶然性，明廷在洮河北岸修筑堡寨和关隘以驻兵，属事发派兵的应急性防御。西海蒙古东侵后，洮州卫构筑起由洮河和边墙等设施组成的独立的闭环防御区。但此后洮州卫的堡寨废弃多于延续。明廷在洮州从卫到军镇的防御等级提升，并未改变其应急性防御特质。修建的堡寨数量虽多，但缺乏辐射力，这成为其延续性差的关键。

Emergency Defense in the Xifan Area of the Ming Dynasty and the Ruins of the Fortress in Taozhou Wei

During the Hongwu period, due to the rebellion of the eighteen ethnic groups of the Xifan, the Ming court set up Taozhou Wei in the area adjacent to Xifan. During the Jiajing period, the intrusion of the Xihai Mongols intensified;hence ,the goverment established Lintao General Army defence system in the Wanli period. In Taozhou, during the early Ming Dynasty, the attack on Xifan was adventitious; therefore, forts were built on the various tributaries on the north bank of the Tao River and garrisons were stationed on different passes, which worked as an emergency defense for the dispatch of troops in any incident. After the eastward disturbance of the Xihai Mongols, Taozhou Wei built border walls,fortress piers and other facilities from the southwest of the Tao River, extending to the bank of the Tao River northeast of Taozhou Wei, forming an independent closed-loop defense area composed of the Tao River and the border wall. However, after that, the Taozhou Wei Fortress formed a situation of more abandonment than continuation . The improvement of the defense level of Taozhou from the guard post to the military town has not changed the characteristics of regional emergency defense in the Ming Dynasty,though the number of forts built is large, it lacks radiation capacity, which has become the key to the poor continuity of the fortress.