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Foundations and Their Institutional Context: Cross-Evaluating Evidence from Germany and the United States
Authors:Stefan Toepler
Institution:(1) Center for Civil Society Studies, Johns Hopkins, University Institute for Policy Studies, Baltimore, Maryland
Abstract:According to the relevant literature, the relationship between government and the private foundation sector in Germany is marked by a ldquoparadigm of conflictrdquo very similar to the one that has often dominated the U.S. discussion of government/nonprofit relationships in the past. More specifically, scholars often hold that the development of foundations in Germany is largely hampered by an administrative and regulatory climate that weakens rather than strengthens the foundation community. Two main arguments are brought forth in this context: First, the expansion of the state bureaucracy into traditional activity fields of foundations ldquocrowds outrdquo the foundation sector; second, the structure of tax regulations is detrimental to a ldquosoundrdquo development of foundations. However, while these arguments figure prominently in the policy debate, they have neither empirically nor analytically been substantiated as of yet. Borrowing from organizational theory, this article critically evaluates the arguments in the light of available evidence in an effort to contribute to a better understanding of foundations in an international context.
Keywords:foundations  Germany  United States  legal regulation and incentives  role of foundations  crowding out
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