论中国传统史学双轨发展格局的形成

西周末期,中国的传统史学产生于官方制度化地记录史事,至战国时期私修史勃兴,编纂水平超过官方。历经秦与西汉,官方史学呈现衰微和停滞,而司马迁的《史记》则是私修史的巨大跨越,而且有将史学发展拉向突出个性精神、离开先秦以来传统路径的倾向。但东汉明帝支持班固撰修《汉书》的同时,倡修《东观汉记》,开创官方不仅记史而且修史的局面,将史学重新拖回依附朝廷政治的方向。东汉对私修史引导而不堵塞,构建了官方史学与私家史学双轨发展的新格局,这奠定了传统史学的基础,促成中国古代史学的繁荣,其历史文化魅力,导致后来少数民族政权的仿从,成为两晋南北朝时期民族大融合最重要的先导因素,在中国历史上产生了深远影响。

On the Formation of Dual Track Development Pattern of Traditional Chinese Historiography

The late Western Zhou Dynasty witnessed the birth of traditional Chinese historiography which derived from the official institutionalized recording of historical events,while the Warring States period saw the thriving of private compiling history which eclipsed its official counterpart in compilation level.In the Qin and Western Han Dynasty when official historiography revealed a trend of decline and stagnation,Si Ma-qian’s Historical Records proved to be a huge leap of private compiling history,assuming a trend of highlighting personality and departing from the traditional path.In the Eastern Han Dynasty while Emperor Ming supported Ban Gu in compiling the Han Shu on one hand,he also advocated the compiling of Dong Guan Han Ji on the other hand,creating a situation that the authority not only recorded but also compiled history so as to draw the historiography back to the direction of centering around the imperial politics.The Eastern Han authority guided private compiling history rather than block it,in this way constructing the new pattern of the dual track development of the official historiography and private historiography,which laid the foundation of traditional historiography,contributed to the prosperity of Chinese ancient historiography,caused later imitations of ethnic minority regimes with its historical and cultural charm and became the most important leading factor of the ethnic fusion occurred during the Western & Eastern Jin and Southern & Northern Dynasties and meanwhile produced far-reaching effect in Chinese history.