从陶片放逐法到苏格拉底的审判--雅典民主制理念的历史嬗变

雅典民主制中的放逐制度即陶片放逐法，通常被看作是平民与精英之间对立关系的表现；而苏格拉底的审判更是这种对立关系在事实上的体现。然而，从陶片放逐法的内容与影响来看却并非如此，它通过象征性的作用将上述张力具象化，以此作为对政治领袖与精英的内在约束，实现了内在张力的缓解与平衡。当这种内在约束失去效力时，不仅民主制的理念产生了嬗变，而且进一步使得张力恶化为对立，在历史上造成了苏格拉底之死的事实。反过来，陶片放逐法与苏格拉底的哲学活动实际上都是对民主制理念的维护而非破坏，平民与精英的差异理应得到尊重，这才是正义与善得以实现的基础。

From Ostracism to the Trial of Socrates---On the Historical Evolution of the Athenian Idea of Democracy

The ostracism, which is ancient Athenian institution of exile, always seems to be the manifestation of the tense between the masses and the elites. And the trial of Socrates reflected this relationship in reality either. According to ostracism’s content and influence, we may get a different conclusion. That is to say, through its symbolic effect, ostracism became an internal restriction on political leaders and elites, and then to relieve and balance that tense. When this internal restriction was no longer in force, the idea of democracy was changed, leading to the death of Socrates. Conversely, ostracism and the philosophical activities of Socrates were all to maintain rather than harm democracy’s idea. Natural differences among different people should be fully acknowledged, which is the foundation of justice and goodness.