主权区块链：政府数据开放的创新治理模式

现行政府数据开放的“集中—分布”模式既存在过度中心化的痼疾，又难以保障数据分布的整体效果。在数据集中的过程中，多节点数据难以汇聚至中心节点；在数据分布的过程中，中心节点数据难以传递至多节点；在数据利用的过程中，多节点与中心节点之间难以互动。鉴于此，需转变现行政府数据开放的模式，并为其寻求一种新的技术支撑。区块链是破解政府数据开放难题的理想技术，可以通过通信、存储、安全、共识等四层机制保障数据流通，克服单点故障和科层组织局限，并促使政府转变职能、赋能多元主体参与数据开放。但将单一区块链技术应用于政府数据开放时仍面临着规避监管、固化错误、破解算法和再中心化的危险，存在去中心化、安全性与可扩展性不可兼得的问题。面对政府数据开放的技术需求与区块链技术的三元悖论，本文通过引入主权区块链概念来探寻能够兼顾中心化的主权国家监管与去中心化的区块链技术的政府数据开放路径。主权区块链与政府数据开放存在契合之处，其本质是一种科技与制度叠加的、具有分布式整合功能的治理技术。依托于主权区块链，可以建构一个政府引导、节点共治的政府数据开放模式。具体而言，主权区块链由公有链、联盟链、私有链共同塑造而成，该构造有助于...

Sovereign blockchain: An innovative governance model of government data opening

The current concentration-distribution model of government data opening not only has the chronic disease of over centralization, but also is difficult to ensure the overall effect of data distribution. In the process of data concentration, the data of multiple nodes is difficult to converge to the central node. In the process of data distribution, the data of central node is difficult to transfer to multiple nodes; In the process of data utilization, multiple nodes are difficult to interact with the central node. In view of this, it is necessary to change the current model of government data opening and seek a new technical support for it. Blockchain is an ideal technology to solve the problem of government data opening. Through four kinds of mechanisms including communication, storage, security, consensus, blockchain can ensure data flow, overcome single point of failure and bureaucratic organization limitations as well as promote the government to change its functions and enable multiple subjects to participate in data opening. However, when the single blockchain technology is applied to the opening of government data, it is still in danger of circumventing supervision, solidifying errors, cracking algorithms and re-centralization. There are problems that decentralization, security and scalability cannot be realized at the same time. Facing the technical demand of government data opening and the ternary paradox of blockchain technology, this paper introduces the concept of sovereign blockchain to explore the path of government data opening that can realize the compatibility of centralized sovereign state supervision and decentralized blockchain technology. There is a connection between sovereign blockchain and government data opening. Sovereign blockchain is a governance technology which can integrate institution and technology as well as has the function of distributing and concentrating. Relying on sovereign blockchain, we can build a government data opening model with government guidance and joint governance of nodes. Specifically, sovereign blockchain is composed of public blockchain, consortium blockchain and private blockchain. This structure helps to overcome the ternary paradox of single blockchain technology. Therefore, in the process of government data opening, we can choose appropriate blockchains according to different data types and application scenarios, and then create a sovereign blockchain of chain governance by building a public blockchain platform for the public, promoting the consortium blockchain governance of collaborative institutions, and strengthening the private blockchain isolation of functional departments. In government data opening based on sovereign blockchain, the public blockchain with distributed and open characteristics is conducive to the sharing of underlying data and the access of the consortium blockchain. The consortium blockchain can not only build a data sharing platform between government departments by limiting the participating nodes to a limited range, but also establish a legal chain by embedding the public blockchain, and place the blockchain under the sovereignty framework to ensure national supervision. The data on the public blockchain will be tested by the consortium blockchain, in which sensitive data will be retained on the private blockchain, and other data will be transmitted to the public from the public blockchain. The private blockchain is used to provide a secure storage environment for the diverted sensitive data.