修己与治人:戴震理欲观新解

关于戴震的“理欲观”,传统研究已经从学术批判与政治批判、道德哲学与政治哲学、情感主义与智识主义这三个维度展开了丰富而具体的分析,但其中依然存在需要进一步探究的疑难问题。而通过戴震思想所蕴含的修己与治人的维度,可以重新审视戴震的理欲观,并能对传统研究揭示的疑难问题作出新的诠释。首先,戴震以治人为出发点,不仅将程朱主观性和超越性之“理”改造成客观性和公共性之“理”,还将程朱个体性和内在性之“欲”改造成社会性和客观性之“欲”。其次,戴震在修己层面批判“存天理、灭人欲”的修身标准,提出“庸德”来作为日常生活中所有民众的修身标准。再次,戴震不以道德标准作士人和庶民的区分,而将宋以来儒士所体贴之天理视为“一己之意见”,批判其带来的社会治理危害,开启以知识作为士人和庶民的区分标准,显露出不同于传统的近代意识。

Self-cultivation and Governing People:The New Explanation about Dai Zhen's View of Principle and Desire

Regarding Dai Zhen''s "View of Principle and Desire", traditional research has carried out a rich and detailedanalysis from three dimensions of academic criticism and political criticism, moral philosophy and political philosophy, and emotionalism and intellectualism, but there are still some problems that need to be further explored. Through the dimension of self-cultivation and governingpeople contained in Dai Zhen''s thought, which re-examines Dai Zhen''s view of principle and desire and makes a new interpretation of the difficult problems revealed by traditional research. First of all, Dai Zhen not only transforms Cheng Zhu''s subjective and transcendent "principle" into the "principle" of objectivity and publicity, but also transforms Cheng Zhu''s individuality and internality into the "desire" of sociality and objectivity. Secondly, Dai Zhen, in terms of self-cultivation, criticizes the moral standard of "preserving the principle and eliminating the desire", and puts forward "YongDe" as all people''s moral standards for daily life. Thirdly, Dai Zhen does not take the moral standard as the distinction between the normal and the scholars, and criticizes the social governance hazard brought about by "one-man opinion". Then hestartsthe distinction standard with knowledge as the normal and the scholars, showing modern consciousness which is different from traditional consciousness.