4. Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Management and Organisation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. School of Management, Curtin Business School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6070, Australia;1. Institute of Economics, University of Kassel, Germany;2. Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany;1. Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;2. School of Business and Economics, Department of Management and Organization, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;3. Department of Management, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Italy |
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| Abstract: | This article reports on the development of a concept of personal initiative (PI). Personal initiative is a work behavior defined as self-starting and proactive that overcomes barriers to achieve a goal. It is argued that future workplaces will require people to show more PI than before, and that current concepts of performance and organizational behavior are more reactive than desirable. The facets of PI are developed along the lines of goals, information collection, plans, and feedback. Personal initiative enables people to deal with job difficulties more actively, for example, with stressors, unemployment, career changes, or becoming an entrepreneur. High PI changes the work situation of employees and relates to success as an entrepreneur. Personal initiative is seen to sharpen and partly modify the concepts of reciprocal determinism, organizational citizenship behavior, innovation, entrepreneurship, work performance, intrinsic motivation, and self-regulation. |
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