Values, Sex Differences and Psychological Androgyny

The research literature on sex (male/female) andgender (masculine, feminine, psychological androgyny,undifferentiated) differences in value structures iscontradictory and has generally been limited tocivilian samples, with little research on militarymiddle-level managers. This study investigated thosedifferences in a stratified random sample of 200military middle-level managers (125 males, 75females). While ANCOVA with demographic variables asthe covariates was established as the standard testfor hypothesis significance, the research data wereexplored using a variety of statistical techniques forcomparison purposes (transformed and non-transformedprocedures using the t-test versus ANCOVA, ANOVAversus ANCOVA, and Pearson and Spearmans correlationanalysis). Both sex and gender differences existed inthe value structures of middle-level managers, for allthe different statistical techniques. Implications forresearchers, limitations of the study, and adiscussion of the findings were presented.