北魏"宗主督护"制始行时间试探--兼论"宗主督护"制的社会影响

本文对魏晋南北朝时期的基层乡里组织"宗主督护"制进行了全面考察,指出"宗主督护"制产生的社会背景和历史条件是一方面有大量的人口流移,使原有的乡里组织丧失控制居民的职能;另一方面是封建"荫附"关系迅速发展,依靠经济与宗族势力并建有坞、堡、垒、壁等军事自保组织的钨壁主大量涌现,众多的人口为逃避战乱而为钨壁主所控制.笔者认为,"宗主督护"制产生于西晋末年,而不是人们通常认为的北魏初期,这一制度实行了近两个世纪,并且在北魏孝文帝废"宗主督护",行"三长制"之后,北方地区的"宗主"、"坞主"仍然以各种形式顽强地存在着,并继续在控制宗族权力、笼络荫附人口、把持地方政权等方面发挥其影响力.

The Starting Time of Suzerain Supervision & Protection System in Northern Wei Dynasty: A Tentative Study on Its Social Influence

An extensive study is made by the author on the system of Suzerain Supervision & Protection (SSP)implemented in the rural grass-roots n eighborhood unions during the period of the Northern & Southern Dynasties(N.Wei: 386-534A.D.;W.& E.Jin:265-420A.D.).According to the study,the historical backgro unds and conditions for the rise of this system consist of two aspects:on one ha nd,the mass population migration had deprived the rural neighborhood unions of t heir function in ruling the residents.On the other hand,with the rapid enforceme nt of the feudal relationship known as`Shelter & Dependency',emerged in great nu mber those fort-lords who,with economic and clan domination,had established mili tary self-defense organizations such as castles,fortresses,strongholds as well a s fortified walls.As a result,a large number of residents who tried to evade the disasters of war were kept under control by the fort-lords.The author affirms t hat the SSP system started in the late Western Jin rather than,as generally beli eved,in the early N.Wei.This system lasted nearly two centuries.Even after Xiaow en the Emperor of the N.Wei abolished the SSP system and carried out the system of `Three Top-officials in Charge',the clan-masters and fort-lords still surviv ed and continued to exert their influence on such affairs as clan power control, winning over the sheltered and dependent people,and monopolization of some regio nal political power.