海外智力回流的复合动力模型与行动类型——基于中国留学生归国动因的历史检视

影响智力行动者作出回流决策的动力来源和动力方向是多样性的,包括来自东道国的粘力和斥力、母国的拉力和推力,以及第三国的吸力;而且作用机制也是多元化的,既有经济驱动力(包括工资水平、就业机会、经济前景、购买力等),也涉及制度、网络、文化、生命周期等驱动力。作为理性行动者,智力迁移者们的回流决定主要是因为他们明确感受到来自母国的拉力(PS-PR),或者来自母国的拉力明显强于来自东道国的粘力(PS>PL)。同时文章认为,智力行动的最终回流决策事实上并不都是经济理性行动,还涉及制度强制驱动型、政策诱导型、移民网络驱动型、文化价值驱动型等社会理性行动。最后,基于中国留学生回流历史,分析不同发展阶段智力回流的主要动机和行动类型。研究发现,在长达170余年的中国海归史中,海归们的回流动机表现出多元化特征,并且在不同发展阶段呈现出不同的行动类型,具有明显的政治性、社会性和复合性,其中在限制性流动阶段,海归回流是以制度强制驱动型为主;在自由性流动阶段,海归回流动力来源表现更为多元,包括经济驱动型、政策诱导型甚至爱国情感驱动型等。

On Compound Dynamic Model and Action Type of Overseas Intellectual Return:Based on a Historical Review of the Motivation for Chinese Overseas Students to Return Home

There are various sources and directions of driving forces that influence the decision-making of intellectual actors to return,including the stickiness and repulsion from the host country,the pull and thrust of the home country,and even the attraction of a third country.Moreover,the dynamic mechanism is also diversified,including economic driving forces(including wage level,employment opportunities,economic prospects,purchasing power,etc.),and also involves systems and networks,culture and life cycle.As rational actors,the return decision of intellectual migrants is mainly because they clearly feel the pulling force from the home country(PS-PR),or the pulling force from the home country is obviously stronger than the sticking force from the host country(PS>PL).At the same time,the paper believes that the final return decision-making of intellectual action is not all economically rational action,but also involves socially rational actiones such as system-enforced,policy-induced,immigration network-driven,cultural value-driven and other social rational actions.Finally,this paper analyzes the main motivation and action types of intellectual backflow at different development stages by taking the return history of Chinese overseas students as the sample.The study found that the return motives of the returnees are diversified in the 170 years of Chinese returnees’history,and they show different action types at different development stages,which are obviously political,social and complexity.In the restricted flow stage,the return of returnees is mainly driven by institutional compulsion;in the free flow stage,the driving sources of returnees’return are more diversified,including economic-driven,policy-induced and even patriotic emotion-driven.