国际海运中无单放货法律性质再认识

国际海运中,承运人无单放货是一种常见的法律问题,解决该问题的关键在于确认无单放货这一法律事实的法律性质。关于无单放货的种种学说都是将提单作为一个静态的定型的法律关系并以此分析其性质,或在定性上存在偏差,或在论证的理由上不能自立。实际上,提单本身并不能决定其表彰的法律关系的性质,也不会引发法律关系的发生与变动。承运人与提单持有人之间的法律关系因签发提单与转让提单而发生:因提单的签发,原运输合同关系物化到提单之上,提单得以表彰债权请求权;因提单的转让,提单得以表彰占有权。因而,承运人无单放货违反了提单之债下的凭单放货的义务,继而侵犯了提单持有人的占有权,属于违约性侵权行为。

Rethinking the legal nature of delivery without BL in international shipping

In international ocean shipping, the delivery without BL by the carrier is a common legal issue. The key to settling the issue depends on confirming its legal nature. All theories on delivery without BL usually analyze it as a shaped static jural relation, which would lead to the deviation of determining the lack of demonstration. This article holds that the BL neither decides nor changes jural relation which is shown by itself. The jural relation between the carrier and the BL holder would be changed with the signature and its transfer: the right of claim would be shown out with the materialization of contractual relationship of carriage because of the signature; the right of possession would be shown with the transfer of the BL. Therefore, the delivery without BL, which has damaged the right of possession, belongs to the contractual tort.