语默不二：《维摩诘经》对言说悖论的诠释

语言与形而上者的关系是《维摩诘经》探讨的一个重要哲学问题。维摩诘认为，面对像“法相”之类的“不可说”者，不能采用常规的言说，只可采用巧说，包括“当如法说”、以“玄言”说、以“示”说、以“无言”说。“当如法说” 不是一般的言说，而是“法”自身的展开；以“玄言”说，不仅打破了现象和本体之间的界限而使本体和现象合二为一，而且能够把思辨和想象能力空前地调动起来进而摆脱思维困境；以“示”说不同于间接陈述，在“示”说中听者不需要反思和想象，而是可以直接面对事情本身。沉默是无言，但不完全等同于无言，因为沉默可分为两种：想说而不能说、可说而不说。维摩诘的沉默属于第二种，然而他在沉默中悟到并且说出了“不可说”者。

Keeping Silence as Speaking: Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra Interpretation of the Paradoxes of Speaking

The relationship between language and Metaphysics is an important philosophical topic in Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra. Vimalakirti Nirdesa thinks that the way to express the unspeakable such as the dharma character is to use special methods （including“saying according to the thing itself”，“saying with specious or figurative language”，“saying with body language”，and“saying with silence”）. The first method isn’t speaking ordinary language but explaining by dharma itself. The second can not only break the boundary of phenomenon and ontology to combine each other，but also make full use of analytical thinking and imagination to help you out of a bind. The third is different from indirect statement，in which listeners needn’t introspect and imagine and can directly face the thing itself. Silence is not equal to not speaking since there are two types of silence: not being able to speak and being able to speak but keeping silence instead. Vimalakirti Nirdesa’s silence is the second type: understanding the unspeakable and expressing his thought in silence.