明代北部边防对明代政治的影响

明王朝为防备蒙古贵族的卷土重来而有北部边防的建设,北部边防对明代的政治产生了巨大的影响。以政治制度而言,首先是督抚制度成为一种国家制度而确定下来,其次是北边督抚与兵部尚书与侍郎之间的互相迁转;以政治风气而言,第一就是宦官专权对北部边防的影响,第二是边军入卫给明代社会所造成的骚扰,第三是京边将领克扣军饷、吃空饷、杀良冒功、谎报战功对明朝边政的败坏,第四是内阁以边防事务互相倾轧,边将行贿、权相受赂,造成腐败污浊的政治氛围。同时,统治者的个人素质对于北边防务亦有极大的影响,如最高统治者皇帝的个人素质、边防督抚的个人素质,等等。明代的北部边防影响政治的内容很多,值得学人们付出艰辛的努力。

On Effects of the Northern Frontier of the Ming Dynasty to Politics of the Ming Dynasty

There were the construction of the northern frontier in the Ming Dynasty to prepare for the resurgence of the Mongolian nobility;the northern frontier of the Ming dynasty had a huge impact on politics of the Ming dynasty.As for the political system,firstly the viceroy system was established as a national system and secondly,there were official rotations among the northern governors,prime ministers in Ministry of War and assistant ministers;as for the political atmosphere,the first was the effect of the eunuch to the northern frontier,the second was the disturbance to the Ming society caused by the side of the military into the unmanning place,the third the corrupt of generals’ deducting salaries of the military,eating up rates,killing good to take power and lying about military exploits around the capital to the frontier affairs of the Ming Dynasty and the fourth the political atmosphere of the dirty corruption was caused by the mutual subversion in Cabinet,the bribery of the frontier generals and the bribery among different officials.At the same time,the personal qualities of the ruler also had a great impact on the north side of defense,such as the personal qualities of the supreme ruler-the emperor,the personal qualities of frontier governors and so on.There was much about effects of the northern frontier in the Ming Dynasty to politics,which is worth a hard work of learning people.