The Persistence of Racial Disadvantage: The Socioeconomic Attainments of Single-Race and Multi-Race Native Americans |
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Authors: | Kimberly R Huyser Arthur Sakamoto Isao Takei |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Sociology, University of Texas, 1 University Station A1700, Austin, TX 78712-0118, USA |
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Abstract: | Using data from the 2000 U.S. Census, we investigate the schooling and earnings of single-race and multi-race Native Americans.
Our analysis distinguishes between Single-Race Native Americans, biracial White Native Americans, biracial Hispanic-White
Native Americans, and biracial Black Native Americans. Further differentiating by gender, the results indicate significant
variation in socioeconomic attainments across these different Native American groups although almost all of them are in some
way disadvantaged relative to non-Hispanic, non-Native American whites. The most disadvantaged group tends to be Single-Race
Native Americans who have the lowest levels of schooling as well as lower earnings relative to non-Hispanic, non-Native American
whites who are comparable in terms of schooling, age, and other basic demographic characteristics. The results demonstrate
notable differentials by the racial/ethnic type of Native American group as well as by gender. In the case of men, all of
the Native American groups have clear socioeconomic disadvantages. One contrast is that migration slightly increases the earnings
of men but it slightly decreases the earnings of women. We interpret these findings as underscoring how measured socioeconomic
differentials between demographic groups are significantly affected by the categorization of race/ethnicity in surveys and
by how persons choose to be enumerated in terms of those categories. |
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