国际竞争与古代宪章：休谟论光荣革命与英格兰现代政体的形成

蒂利的资本化强制理论得到了学界的广泛认可，但是他在处理英格兰历史经验时遇到了常备军的难题,这要求我们更深入地理解英格兰改造古代宪章以应对国际竞争的基本逻辑。考察休谟对光荣革命的思考有助于推进蒂利的分析。面对国际竞争的挑战，国王借助专权强化国家，被视作引入绝对主义的准备，引发了议会的猜忌和革命的爆发。光荣革命通过限制专权、革新古代宪章，既为议会和民众的自由诉求提供了制度保障，又为建立财政—军事国家奠定了原则基础。如何在国际竞争背景下革新自身传统，维护国家安全，容纳民众的自由诉求，达成一个兼具自由理想和力量的秩序，既是深入理解光荣革命和英格兰政体的关键，也是我们思考自身历史处境的起点。

International Rivalry and Ancient Constitution: Hume on the Glorious Revolution and the Making of Modern Constitution in England

Charles Tilly’s theory of capitalized coercion based on the historical experience of Western Europe has now been widely accepted by historical sociologists. However，his difficulties in dealing with the English polity require us to gain a deeper understanding of England’s efforts to transform ancient constitution in order to establish a modern government that could accommodate the popular demands of liberty as well as respond to the international competitions.Hume’s analysis of the Glorious Revolution offers us valuable insights. Faced with international challenges，the King attempted to strengthen the state power through a series of unconventional religious and military policies that had threatened the political tradition. It provoked widespread suspicions that the monarch intended to replace English liberty with French absolutism，which eventually led to the outbreak of revolution. The Glorious Revolution transformed ancient constitution by restricting prerogative and giving priority to popular principles that safeguarded the political ideal of liberty. The Revolution also resolved the major differences between the king and the parliament，and brought in a powerful commercial state capable of dealing with international rivalries. Thus， England avoided succumbing to the fate of French absolutism. Hume’s analysis of the Glorious Revolution reveals that the modern state，built by transforming the traditional order，must both protect individual and civil liberty， and meet international challenges. Understanding both the strength and liberty of a modern state is central to understanding the Glorious Revolution and the modern English polity，and the secret of modern states in general.