刑法中单位的本质:曲解、质疑与澄清——兼论单位主体资格的认定

完全照搬民法中法人的本质来阐述刑法中单位的本质,进而以民事行为能力,或独立的财产与经费作为认定刑法中单位的依据不可取,只有肃清民法的规范因素,在单位现实存在的基础上,重新融入刑法的价值诉求,才能准确解读刑法中单位的本质.由此,现代刑法必然以内含着过错责任和自我责任的罪责原则为基石,刑法中的单位亦是一个意志载体,其本质是以利益为内在核心,以组织机构为外部保障而形成的团体意志.相应地,判断一个团体拥有犯罪主体资格的标准是:该团体具有相对独立于其成员及上下级单位的意志,即从单位的组织结构入手进行分析,着重考察单位有无权力配置与相应的监督制衡机制.

The essence of unit in criminal law: Misunderstanding, questioning and clarification

It is inadvisable to copy the essence of legal person in civil law to explain the nature of unit in criminal law, and then identify unit in criminal law on the basis of civil capacity for action or independent property and funds. Only eliminating normative factors in civil law thoroughly, and integrating the value of criminal law into unit''s existence in practice, can interpret the nature of unit accurately. Therefore, unit in criminal law is the carrier of will, its essence is the group will, which is formed on interests as the inner core and organizational structure as the external guarantee. Accordingly, the criteria for judging qualification of a unit as criminal subject is:the group has a will relatively independent of its members and upper and lower units. It should start with the analysis of the unit''s organizational structure, and focus on the power allocation and supervise balance mechanism of the unit.