老子“道论”与柏拉图“理念论”之比较

从公元前800年到公元前200年,人类历史进入了所谓的"轴心时代"。在这一时期,中西方历史都发生了最深刻的转折,以中国、印度、伊朗、巴勒斯坦、希腊为代表的各大文明都同时出现了巨大的进步,产生了诸如老子、佛陀、"顼罗亚斯德"、以赛亚、柏拉图等思想巨人。作为时代精神的哲学在这一时期实现了巨大的突破,这种哲学突破可以通过中、希哲学的突破反映出来。在中国,老子提出了"道",创立了"道论"。在希腊,柏拉图提出了"理念",建构了"理念论"。笔者试着从道与理念的含义、道与理念产生事物的方式、道与理念同事物的不同关系等各方面考察老子"道论"与柏拉图"理念论"的异同。通过对老子"道论"和柏拉图"理念论"的比较,我们可以发现,生活在"轴心时代"的老子和柏拉图,都面临着相同的时代难题,他们构建哲学理论的目标也有着很大的相似之处。但是,他们二人却是沿着不同的进路来趋进自己的目标的。通过对老子"道论"和柏拉图"理念论"的比较,我们还可以从一个侧面窥探出中国哲学和希腊哲学在"轴心时代"突破的异同,同时也可以看出中西文化精神的巨大差异。

A Comparison between the Theory of Tao by Laotse and the Theory of Idea by Plato

From 800BC to 200BC,human history stepped into an Axile Age.In this period,both Chinese and western history experienced a profound transition.All civilizations such as China,India,Iran,Palestine and Greece have made great progress and engendered these great thinkers like Laotse、Buddha、Zarathustra、Isaiah and Plato.As the spirit of time,philosophy has made tremendous breakthrough which can be exhibited by the breakthroughs of Chinese and Greek philosophy.In China,Laotse initialized the Theory of Tao by inventing the word"Tao",while in Greece Plato established the Theory of Idea by putting forward the word "Idea".The paper will try to differentiate the Theory of Tao by Laotse and the Theory of Idea by Plato from perspectives of the definition of Tao and Idea,ways of creating things by Tao and Idea,the respective correlations of Tao and things and of Idea and things.From this comparison,we could find out that both Laotse and Plato encountered a similar problem in the Axile Age,hence the similarity of their targets in the establishment of philosophical theories.But they had tried to approach their targets in different ways.We could also perceive from the perspective the differences of the breakthroughs in Chinese and Greek philosophy in the Axile Age and the great discrepancy between chinese and western cultural spirits.In the legal hermeneutic view,this paper aims to redefine the nature of distribution of proof burden.It firstly analyzes the theoretical basis to distribution of proof burden and states the reasons of the distribution;and then on the basis of the theoretical proof legal conduct,this paper tries to testify the nature of the distribution of proof burden;and finally it forms a new system from the perspective of the theory of legal hermeneutics.