大数据时代执法合作中个人数据跨境保护问题研究

为打击跨国网络犯罪,维护国家安全,各国积极开展双边或多边的执法合作,其中对个人数据的保护问题成为关注的焦点.执法领域个人数据保护的全球标准尚未形成,美国和欧盟因数据保护立法的差异性和对隐私权概念的不同理解,在致力于协调两国数据保护立法上进行了诸多尝试,美国和欧盟签订了一系列数据分享协定,比如《欧盟—美国双边法律互助协定》《旅客订座记录协定》《环球银行金融电信协会协定》等,但这些数据分享协定有不同的数据保护标准.为了重建跨大西洋数据流动的信任,美国和欧盟达成了《欧美数据保护总协定》,为美国和欧盟提供综合性的执法领域数据保护框架.根据美国和欧盟的经验,我国应积极参与全球多边规则的制定、统一国内个人数据保护规则、针对执法领域个人数据保护进行专门立法、分阶段和分部门与境外执法机构订立双边协定.

Study of the Cross border Protection of Personal Data in Law Enforcement Cooperation in Big Data Era

In order to combat transnational cybercrimes and safeguard national security, countries actively carry out bilateral or multilateral law enforcement cooperation, among which the protection of personal data becomes the focal issue. There are no consolidated standards of personal data protection in the field of law enforcement. The US and EU have many differences in data protection legislations and the concepts of privacy. Both made many attempts to approximate the EU and the US privacy legislations. A series of agreements between the EU and the US have been concluded, for instance The EU-US Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement, Agreements on PNRs and SWIFT agreements. But, these data sharing agreements have different data protection standards. To rebuild trust of transatlantic cross-border data flows, EU and US concluded the umbrella EU-US Data Protection Agreement, a comprehensive data protection framework in the field of law enforcement. Based on the experience of the US and the EU, China should actively participate in the formulation of global multilateral rules, unify domestic personal data protection rules, issue personal data protection legislation in law enforcement field, and conclude bilateral agreements with foreign law enforcement agencies step by step.