“冢讼”考

“冢讼”是汉魏六朝时期十分盛行的一种观念，它体现了世人的丧葬礼俗和宗教禁忌。借助传世文献和出土材料，我们可以考证“冢讼”观念的涵义、类型及与其他相关用语的细微差别，藉此阐释和分析古人眼中引发“冢讼”的原因：有承负先祖罪孽而遭冥界仇家寻仇的，有生人不修家事或祭祀不勤而招致先祖不满施予警示的，或先祖“以小代大”寻求代过替身的，也有因墓地风水犯忌而招致祸患的。鉴于上述“冢讼”之危害，道教典籍和传世文献分别记载了禳除“冢讼”和劾治“家鬼”的几种措施和方法：“上章”、“请官”、服术酒、沐浴、“祝”驱梦魇、行“解除”术、画瓦书符、“打家先”等。这些充分体现了古人面对瘟疫肆虐下的无奈和无助，转而寻求一种心灵上的慰藉和安宁。

A Study of "Prosecution from the Grave"

＂Prosecution from the Grave＂ was prevalent in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties periods. It embodies people＇ s burial and funeral rites and religious taboo. Based on passed-down documents and unearthed materials, this paper examines the meaning, type and the shade of differences between relevant terms, and expounds the reason for ＂Prosecution from the Grave＂ in ancient people＇ s eyes. It also examines the measures and methods of eliminating ＂Prosecution from the Grave＂ recorded in Taoist documents.