机会不平等的衡量：参数测度法的应用与改进

本文在考虑不可测环境和努力变量的影响，以及处理环境和努力变量相关性的基础上，改进机会不平等的参数测度法，并运用这一方法对中国居民收入分配的机会不平等程度进行数量测度。结果显示：样本期间，机会不平等占收入不平等的比例平均达到29%左右；分解结果显示，可测环境变量导致的机会不平等占收入不平等的比重维持在27%左右，不可测环境变量对收入不平等的贡献平均而言只有2%左右。此外，家庭教育背景差异、区域差距、城乡差距和性别歧视构成了现阶段中国居民机会不平等的主要来源。本文认为，为降低中国居民收入的机会不平等程度，政府应对因外部环境不利而陷入贫困的居民进行救济和补偿，为弱势群体依靠自己的努力取得成功创造条件和提供平台。

The Measurement of Opportunities Inequality: Application and Improvement of Parametric Method

Considering the influence and correlation of the unobservable circumstance and effort factors, the paper improves the parametric method of the inequality of opportunity, and measures the opportunity inequality of income distribution in China. The results indicate that, inequality of opportunity on average accounts for 29% of total inequality, and inequality of opportunity caused by the observable circumstance factors accounts for 27% of total inequality, while the inequality of opportunity caused by the unobservable circumstance only accounts for 2%. Moreover, differences in family background, geographic diversity, urban-rural gap and gender discrimination are the main sources of opportunity inequality in China. Therefore, in order to reduce the inequality of opportunity, the government should put efforts to construct targeted poverty alleviation and social assistance system with explicit orientation to compensate those residents who fall into poverty because of the disadvantaged external environment, and create conditions and platforms for the underprivileged to succeed on their own.