论意义的两个来源和语言哲学的任务——从语言游戏规则和单位的还原说起

维特根斯坦《哲学研究》中意义即用法的理论只是意义来源的一个方面。由对指称的概括形成的意义是意义的另一个来源。自然语言是通过有限单位和游戏规则生成无限句子的活动，学会语言游戏必须掌握这些有限的单位和游戏规则，而提取这些单位和游戏规则需要平行周遍对比。对平行周遍对比的进一步分析可以看出，意义用法论和意义概括论这两个意义的来源不能相互替代，都是初始的，这就决定了语言哲学的任务不仅仅是弄懂词的用法，更重要的是要通过对概括方式和概括过程的分析来回答和认识论有关的问题。

Two Sources of Meaning and the Mission of Philosophy of Language

In Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigation, the meaning of a word is the usage of the word. We try to prove in this paper that usage of words is only one source of meaning for words, the other is reference. Natural language is a behavior which makes unlimited sentences through limited units and rules. To acquire these units and rules, one needs to make a parallel and general comparison among utterances, and both reference and usage are needed for the comparing process. The mission of the philosophy of language is therefore not only to make clear usage of words but also to answer issues related to epistemology by analyzing reference and the process of reference.