论马克思人论中本质主义与反本质主义的内在冲突(中)

本文从个人与其所拥有的众多属性的关系出发,对马克思关于人的理论的思维方式做了一番较为系统的考察,得到的基本结论是:马克思早期所树立的关于人的价值理想是个人所拥有的丰富的资质和禀赋的自由而全面的发展,这一理想所反对的是把具有丰富属性的人变成一种片面的人,在这个意义上,马克思的人论富于反本质主义的意蕴;但与此同时,马克思又赋予了这一价值理想以“自由的自觉的活动”这一本质,在其后的思考中,在为人的价值理想探寻现实道路的过程中,他又进一步将人的本质规定为社会关系的总和,规定为物质生产活动,规定为资本及其运动的必然逻辑,从而回到了本质主义思维方式的轨道上。也就是说,在马克思人论中,存在着本质主义和反本质主义的内在冲突。

On the Inherent Conflict Between Essentialism and Anti-essentialism in Marx's Theory of Human Being

From the perspective of the relationship between individual and his (her) attributes, this paper investigates systematically Marx" s thinking - method in his theory concerning human being. My conclusion is as follows. Marx's value - ideal concerning human being fostered in his early works is the free and comprehensive development of natural endowments possessed by each individual. The opposite of this ideal is that person with varied attributes is changed into one - sided one. In this sense, Marx's theory on human being is imbued with the spirit of anti - essentialism. But at the same time, Marx defines the essence of this value - ideal as free and conscious activity. In his latter thoughts, and in the course of his exploring the practical way for this ideal, he defines further human essence as the assemblage of social relationships, then as material productive activity, and then as capital and the necessary logic of its movement. Hence he returns to essentialist thinking - method. In other words, there are some inherent contradictions between essentialism and anti - essentialism in Marx's theory on human being.