汉代“以孝治天下”政策的现实效果——以士人宗族群体为中心的考察

汉代号称“以孝治天下”,朝廷通过不遗余力的孝治教化,企图达到“以孝劝忠”的政治目的。就当时在汉代社会结构中占据中心地位的士人宗族的状况而言,一方面这种广泛教化政策使得宗族内部对于孝悌的德行非常重视,同时使得家族内部形成了以士人为核心的比较强的凝聚力、向心力;但是另一方面,每当关键时刻需要在忠与孝、国与家之间做出选择的时候,士族的趋向往往会是首先维护本宗族的利益。正是这一点,成为两汉政权两次倾覆的重要因素。国家“以孝劝忠”、巩固政权的良苦用心并没有发生很大的作用。

Realistic Effect of Ruling by Filial Piety in the Han Dynasty——Investigation Focusing on the Group of Scholar-bureaucrat's Clan

The Han Dynasty was famous for its policy of ruling by filial piety, which was launched to realize its political aims of being loyal to the court by means of filial piety, as a result of which the government spared no efforts of instructing the people by the principles of filial piety. At that time, taking the central position in the society, the scholar-bureaucrat’s clan on the one hand, made the members of it attach the importance to the filial piety so that more powerful of cohesion was formed in the clan. And on the other hand, it took the clan as the first priority when there was conflict between its own interests and the loyalty to the court, which led the Han Dynasty to collapse twice. In conclusion, the policy of maintaining the ruling by means of filial piety failed.