两党制国家与多党制国家政党执政方式之比较

两党制国家和多党制国家政党的执政方式有共性,也有区别。从权力的获得来看,两党制国家内一般实行单选区制的多数代表制,多党制国家更多使用比例代表制,或者包含比例代表制和多数代表制的混合制;从权力的运作来看,两党制国家的政府一般是一党独自执政,并存在集中掌握巨大权力的最高行政长官,多党制国家行政首脑的实际权力往往被分流到其他部门或组织中去。但两种制度的国家有一个根本的共同特征:执政党都不直接管理国家。从对权力的制约来看,在这两种制度的国家内制约执政党权力的因素都存在四个方面:宪法和法律的限制、非执政党政治力量的约束、权力体制的制衡、大众媒介的监督。

The Comparison of the Governing-Parties' Ruling Pattern between the Two-Party Countries and the Multi-Party Countries

This article looks into the likeness and diference of the governing-parties'ruling pattern between the two-party countries and the multi-party countries. In power's winning, Majority representation is often used in the two-party countries, while proportional representation is used in the multi-party countries. In power's operating, single-party government and a centralizing governor can be found in the two-party countries, while multi-party government discentralizing governor can be found in the multi-party countries. The governing party can't manage the state directly in both kinds of countries. In power's restricting, there are four factors to restrict the governing party in two-system countries; law and institution, the controlling of the ungoverning parties' political forces, the interaction of power and system and the supervision of mass media.