中国传统行政的善治理想及其现代影响——以黄宗羲为例

中国传统行政理论在长期发展中积累了丰富的内容,形成了完整的理论形态,并在明清之际达到了它近乎顶峰的极限状态,黄宗羲的善治理论就是它在这个阶段的重要代表。黄宗羲视域中的善治在内容及方式上,都延续了儒家传统主流观点。它在内容上首先要求圣王,即唯有圣王才能以“不忍人之心”行“不忍人之政”,所谓善治实际上就是“不忍人之政”;其次它还将善治的具体内容确定为养民与教民,“养民”就是使民足以事父母及畜妻子,养生送死无憾,“教民”就是用圣王学说教育民众,使民衣食住行都合乎礼;再次它还主张治理目的是使民皆“至于至善”和“止于至善”。中国传统行政理论的善治理想在现实中还有强劲的生命力,它既表现为行政的强烈伦理导向,又表现为一种主动作为的积极政府观,还表现为一种彻底的以人为本的人文主义。

The Ideal of Good Governance in Traditional Chinese Governance and Its Modern Influence: Taking Huang Zongxi as an Example

In the long-term development,traditional Chinese administrative theory came to form a complete theoretical form,and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Huang Zongxi's theory of good governance is an important representative of this stage.His vision of good governance inherited the mainstream of the Confucian tradition both in content and form.In content,it required the holy king.In other words,only the holy king could carry out"governance intolerant of harming others"with a"heartintolerant of sufferings".The so-called good governance is actually the"governance intolerant of harming others".Secondly,it defines the specific content of good governance as supporting and teaching people,and"supporting people"is to enable them to serve their parents and feed their wives,so that they can live and die without regret,and"teaching the people"is to educate the people with the holy King theory so that their clothing,food,shelter and transportation are in line with the etiquette.Thirdly,it advocates that the purpose of governance is to make people"aim at the best"and"reach the best".The ideal of good governance in traditional Chinese administrative theory has strong vitality in reality.It is manifested not only in the strong ethical orientation of administration,but also in a positive government view of active action,and in people-oriented humanism.