客观合理信赖先例的“善意例外”--论戴维斯案对美国非法证据排除规则“善意例外”的新发展

“善意例外”是美国非法证据排除规则的一种例外。在戴维斯案件之前，美国联邦最高法院已确立了几种“善意例外”的类型，戴维斯案件确立了一种新的“善意例外”，即客观合理信赖先例的“善意例外”。当警察搜查时客观上合理依赖有约束力的司法先例，但后来该先例已被改变，此种情况下搜查获得的证据不应适用非法证据排除规则。建立这种“善意例外”是因为警察没有过错，且适用非法证据排除规则不能遏制警察的违法行为。建立客观合理信赖先例的“善意例外”并没有危及溯及既往原则，也不会阻碍第四修正案的发展。

Good-faith Exception for objectively reasonable reliance on binding precedent

Good-faith exception is a kind of exclusionary rule. Before Davis v. United States, several good-faith exceptions were established by Supreme Court of the United States. Good-faith exception for objectively reasonable reliance on binding precedent was established in Davis v. United States. The Supreme Court held that when the police conducted a search in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent, the exclusionary rule should not be applied. Applying the good-faith exception is not only because officer is inculpable, but also because applying the good-faith exception can not deter future Fourth Amendment violations. Good-faith exception for objectively reasonable reliance on binding precedent is compatible with retroactivity precedent. Good-faith exception for objectively reasonable reliance on binding precedent will not stunt the development of Fourth Amendment law.