晚明科场风变与士人科举心态的演变

明代科举体制的相对完善,并未从根本上解决科举竞争压力、内外廉考官权力的不对等与试文的程式化等内在弊端。随着晚明科举流通机制的日渐壅滞,这些弊端也日渐显露,导致了舞弊、权力寻租及揣摩等科场风变的泛生。科举取士公正与公平性的削弱,使基层士人之科举生存环境渐趋恶化,并促动了士人科举心态由"中和恬退"向"燥竞"与"游离"的转化。

Intellectuals' Attitude Change about Imperial Examinations in Late Ming Times

Though the ruler of Ming dynasty lied down more perfect operation rules to keep the fairness of imperial examinations,that couldn't eradicate some inner-malpractice of the examination system.With the obstruction of social mobile by imperial examination,the malpractices became visible and led to the corruption of examination.Under the pressure of examination crisis,intellectuals' attitude about imperial examinations changed from calmness to impatience and dissociation.