性别、权力与海南古代女性

社会性别的后天建构性使其成为分析社会结构的一个重要视角。本文从该角度重新审视海南历史上的汉黎互动，发现这种互动在本质上是两种迥异的性别文化的碰撞。在碰撞过程中，汉文化中的传统女性性别角色被黎文化不断挑战和改变，出现“女主外”的现象，但男性在政治领域的主导使“女主外”行为与支持男性“向学”的目的挂靠，女性“主外”行为的社会价值被贬低。“女耕男儒”的性别关系不但未能使女性获得自由，反而造成另一种性别压迫，最终成为海南独有的“男为尊”父权文化的表现方式。

Gender,Power,and Ancient Females in Hainan

Construction of social gender has become an important area in observing and analyzing social structure. From this perspective to review the interaction between Han people and Li people in the history of Hainan Island, we find that this interaction is in essence a collision of two different gender cultures. Through recognizing and conferring power to the Li Dong chieftain over the Dong (the basic organization of Li people), the central regime gained acknowledgement and compromise from Li people, and established male dominance in politics. In both marriage and economics, however, the traditional female roles in the Han culture were constantly challenged and changed by the Li culture, resulting in the phenomenon of “women working while men resting” that was threatening to men’s status quo. By means of the male dominance in the political sector, men promoted the ideology that “men are born to go to school; if unable to get scholarly success, then turn to acquiring fishing skills” and connected “women working” to the role of supporting “men for education,” thus degrading the social value of female behavior and legitimizing “women farming and men schooling.” Along with the establishment and reinforcement of the patriarchal system on Hainan Island, the outstanding contribution of women in economy did not bring about true independence or real freedom to them. Instead, the custom of “women working while men resting” in actuality lowered Hainan women’s social status and burdened them, much worse than those in the inland. As a result, the gender relationship expressed in “women farming while men schooling” eventually evolved into another kind of gender oppression, a unique patriarchal cultural representation of “men being the first” in Hainan.