明清文学中的侠绅助赈、仙道救急及其民俗观念

明清时代鼓励民间自救和侠绅助赈。文学文本的记载表明,侠绅赈灾民俗记忆与传统美政理想关系密切,可成为官府的有力补充,讲究救灾捐助而又不伤及受灾主体自尊。赈灾需要孳生了神仙异人的民俗想象,而豪侠义士期盼也是对侵赈冒赈等恶劣现象不满的文学表现,实现获得救助的民俗心理显现。侠客与清官联盟的最大成效,莫过于帮助清官惩贪济民。仙道救急书写的对象化意义不容忽视,既是被灾者主体意识的迸发,也是单一生产生活模式的折射。御灾文学一再重申仙道救急中“法术”与神技的功能,也是大众期盼新生活的心理投射。

The Folklore Concept of Chivalrous Gentry's Help of People in Disaster and Immortal Monks' Addressing Emergency in the Ming and Qing Literature

A great many of literary works showed that the Qing and Ming governments encouraged the folks to help themselves and chivalrous gentries to help relieve people in disaster. The folklore memories about gentry''s disaster relief was bound up with traditional ideal politics. Local gentry''s disaster relief made excellent additions to official power. Folk assistance paid attention to relief donations with no hurt on recipients'' self-esteem. The need to relieve people in disaster bred the folklore imagination of the immortals while the expectation of the gallant men was a literary expression of their dissatisfaction with the evil practice of stealing or bribing in the disaster relief or the reflection of their folk psychology of getting aid. The best effect of the alliance between swordsmen and government officials was seen in the fight against corruption and relief of people in disaster. The significance of the objectification of immortal monks addressing an emergency could not be ignored. They were both the victims'' self-consciousness burst and a reflection of the single mode of production and life. The literary texts repeatedly demonstrated the functions of "magic arts" and tricks in immortal monks addressing an emergency,which was peoples'' psychological reaction about expecting new life and modern economy.