代际流动的模式：理论理想型与中国现实

本文在疏理西方代际流动理论的基础上，提出流动模式的三种理想类型，并分析其制度条件和结构特征，希望能对当代中国社会流动的特征和趋势分析有所启发。本文认为，在不同的制度背景和社会条件下，相应的流动模式是不同的。本文提出三种理想类型对应于三种不同的社会类型，分别是（1）依据绩效原则的自由竞争模式，其特征是流动机会按个人能力和贡献分配，对应于完全市场制度的社会；（2）社会不平等结构下的家庭地位继承模式，其特征是家庭的社会经济背景对子女的地位获得有决定性的影响，社会的不平等结构因此而代代相传，如果一个社会的不平等程度越大，跨阶层流动越困难，代际的地位继承性特征越突出；（3） 国家庇护流动模式，其特征是国家通过政策和制度设计，干预社会流动进程，特定的阶层将拥有更多的流动机会、或被剥夺应有的机会。文章最后对中国改革开放后流动模式的转变和现状提出了一些基本的判断。

The Intergenerational Mobility Patterns, the Ideal Type, and the Chinese Reality

Based on the literature review of the intergenerational mobility studies in the West， this paper proposes three mobility patterns of the ideal type and analyzes their institutional prerequisites and structural properties， hoping to shed some light on the mobility characteristics and trends in China’s contemporary society. The paper contends that different constitutional contexts and societal conditions produce different mobility patterns. Three idealistic patterns correspond to three different societal types， respectively. First， mobility under the mode of meritocratic contest， characterized by mobility opportunities distributed according to the individuals’ competencies and contributions， is completely congruent with a society under market economy. Second， mobility under the mode of status inheritance， characterized by the familial socioeconomic background’s decisive impact on the status quo of the children， transmits the societal structure of inequality across generations： The wider the unequal gaps are， the more difficult the cross class mobility becomes and the more prominent the intergenerational inheritance is. Third， mobility under the mode of state sponsorship is characterized by state intervening social mobility through policies and institutions： Certain classes are specified to have more mobility opportunities or to be deprived of such opportunities that they deserve. This paper finally presents some basic conclusions about the changes and current state of mobility patterns since the start of the reform in China.
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