从乡村工商业看西欧庄园制的瓦解

一直以来,中世纪西欧的庄园经济总是被想象成以农业为主的自然经济。但是经过考察会发现,由于人们生活的需要和某些行业的特殊性,乡村生活中依然且必然有工商业的存在,工商业在以庄园制为主体的自然经济的夹缝中生存着。其经济属于一种二元经济模式。乡村手工业以庄园工场的形式独盛于中世纪早期,并不断发展。乡村的商业从最初必需品的交换,到后来生产力提高剩余产品的出现导致的交换,都表明乡村的商业也是一直存在且必然存在的。只是由于这些经济因素仍从属于封建的自然经济主体、不占据主导地位而未引起人们的重视。这些商品经济活动的存在不仅弥补了封建的自然经济的天然不足,同时,它的发展与后来城市兴起且壮大的工商业活动相结合,形成了里应外合的力量,最终冲破了封建阶级的堡垒,成为了西欧瓦解庄园制的一个重要因素。

Collapse of Manor System of West Europe in the View of Country Industry and Business

Manor economy of the West Europe of the Middle Ages has long been imagined as a natural economy based mainly on agriculture.However,an investigation revealed that due to people’s needs of living and particularity of some trade,industry and business still existed in village life and survived in the natural economy based mainly on manor system.The economy was a kind of dualistic economy.Village handicraft industry in the form of manor workshop was prevailing in the early stage of the Middle Ages and developing.Country business,from the primary trading of basic necessities to the exchanges of surplus products brought about by the increase of productivity,all showed the village business existed and naturally existed.These economic factors were subject to the feodal natural economy entity and did not seize a leading position,so failed to draw enough attention.These business activities not only made up natural deficiencies of feodal natural economy,but also broke the barrier of feodal classes after the combination with urban booming industry and business at late,becoming a key to the collapse of manor system of West Europe.