汉代粮仓的类型及仓储粮食用途试论

汉帝国境内的粮仓有各种不同的类型,拥有各种不同的具体名称,并可根据如下几个标准进行分类,即形制、储藏内容、地上建筑和地下建筑的区别以及粮仓的功用等。各种类型的粮仓分布于汉帝国所辖境内,就形成了从中央到地方各部分、部门的粮仓建制。积贮的目的是为了消费,汉代官仓储备的粮食在许多领域发挥着重要作用,如供给皇室宫廷,满足统治阶级的日常需要;出给官吏俸禄、月食、赏赐,维持庞大官僚机构的运转;供给军吏卒,作为军队的后勤给养;供给官奴婢、刑徒及为官府服役者口粮;供给少数民族,作为维护和平,恢复边贸的条件或用以招抚士众,使其为汉服务;用于酿酒,以备宴饮、祭祀、赏赐、医疗保健等;供官养马、牛、驼、狗之食;用于赈灾恤贫、矜恤孤寡和尊养高年,以实施社会保障制度等。仓储是国家进行各项事业的物质保证,妥善经营仓储,有效运用储粮,对国家的政治、经济、军事乃至于社会风气,都具有现实而深远的影响。

Classification of the Granaries and Purposes of Grain Reserves in Han Dynasty

Granaries in Han Dynasty are classified according to their shapes,contents,as well as functions.Granaries of different types from the central to local government establish the grain reserve system of Han Empire which plays important roles in many fields such as supporting the royal family,keeping the unwieldy bureaucratic apparatus functioning,serving as logistic support of the army,providing prisoners,slave girls and maidservants with grain ration,maintaining the unity of various nationalities and frontier trades,serving as the raw materials for wine-making,sacrificial offerings,rewards on festive occasions,health-care,implementing social insurance system by proving funds for the victims of disasters,the poor,the aged,the widows and children,offering food for animals.Effectively managing granaries and grain reserves greatly affects a country in politics,economy,military affairs,and even the general mood of society.