从祁太秧歌看近代晋中地区的民众意识

民众意识、乡土意识之研究是中国社会史研究中一块方兴未艾的领域。经过长期田野访查 ,以搜集到的近 2 0 0种祁太秧歌剧本为蓝本 ,对清代和民国时期晋中地区社会的民众意识进行分析 ,可以看出经济的发展与地方社会民间活动的增多 ,推动了祁太秧歌在清代和民国时期走向繁荣 ,如剧目大量涌现 ,演出班社的组建和活动形式日趋多样化。秧歌剧本中的婆媳形象是具有乡土象征意义的角色 ,她们之间的矛盾冲突是乡土意识最深入、最基本的伦理纠葛表现 ;在经济发达、商业行为频繁的晋中社会 ,商人家庭更容易上演妻子的婚外恋故事 ,乡土意识中虽没有明显的“抑商”情节 ,但仅仅对财富的占有并不能使商人成为乡土社会中的“精英” ;清代、民国时期 ,烟赌二毒成为晋中社会的恶瘤 ,秧歌戏中的乡民对烟赌表达出深切的痛恨 ;晋中社会仍保存着“士农工商”的职业划分意识 ,但更多地表现出传统精英文化在乡土社会的沦丧。由此可见 ,秧歌作为民俗文化的一种形式 ,对于分析民众意识具有不可低估的价值 ,对秧歌的研究 ,体现着中国社会史研究向本土化迈进的意义

The Sense of the Masses in the Middle Prefecture of Shanxi Province Viewed from Qi Tai Yanko

The research in the sense of the masses and provincialism is a field in the ascendant in China's social history. After a long term inquiry among the people in the countryside,the writer has collected near 200 Qixian Taigu yanko operas. Basing himself on the operas,he analyses the sense of the masses in the periods of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China in the Middle Pefecture of Shanxi Province from which he has found that the economic development and the increase of the local social folk activities promoted the booming of the Qi Tai yanko in the two periods such as springing up of operas in large numbers,organization of theatrical troupes,and gradual varieties of activity forms. Mothers in law and daughters in law images in dramas were of local symbolism. Conflicts between mothers in law and daughters in law were the most ponetrating and basic ethical entanglements in the local sense. In the middle Shanxi society of developed economy and frequent trade conducts,businessmen's families were prone to out of marriage love affairs;although there was no "restraint of commerce" plots in the local sense,only occupation of wealth could not make businessmen outstanding in the local society. During the poriods of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, opium and gamble were two malignant tumors in the Middle Shanxi area for which local people expressed bitter hatred in their yanko operas. In the middle Shanxi society still existed the sense of occupational division of "scholars,farmers,workers,and businessmen",but more expressions were the loss or ruin of the traditional outstanding cultures in the local society. Thus it can be seen that as a form of folk custom cluture,yanko is of great vlue which cannot be underrated for analysing the sense of the masses. Research in yanko attaches significance to localization of research in China's social history.