先秦无为思想起源考论

无为思想是中国传统思想的重要组成部分,关于它的源头,学者多认为是在于老子,甚至在于孔子。要考察无为思想的起源,还有赖于对"无为"一词的语义界定。"无为"一词主要包含与"有为"相对待之义、天道自然行为之义和绝对不作为之义三类,亦可用作行为禁忌语。以此为导向,可以发现,无为思想可最早追溯到上古先民在原始文明下敬畏、依赖和顺从自然的心理及行为,随着政治文明的深入,又最容易在王朝没落或王朝更替之际滋生,具有深厚的社会历史基础。周文王、吕尚、管仲等人在制止暴政乱政,实现无为而治方面多有思考,其后老子把"无为"视作宇宙、社会、人生的普遍原则,孔子又从德政和礼治来重新诠释无为而治,深刻影响了后世道、儒、法诸家,无为思想至此完全成熟。

The Discussion of the Origin of Non-Action Thought in the Pre-Qin Period

Non-action thought is a that the origin of non-action though significant part of the traditional Chinese ideologies. Most of scholars think t lies in Laozi and Confucius. Investigating the origin of non-action thought depends on the semantic definition of the word ＂non-action＂. It mainly contains the meaning of the opposition a- gainst doing or ＂You-wei＂, the natural behavior of Taoism and the absolute inaction, which can also be regarded as the taboo on manner. Under this guidance, non-action thought, at the earliest, can be traced back to the ancient people＇ s psychology and behavior of awing, depending on and obeying the nature in the primitive civili- zation. With the development of political civilization, this thought tended to multiply with the fall or substitution of one regime, showing the profound social historical foundation. King Wen of Zhou, Ltl Shang, Guan Zhong and so on had thought a lot about stopping tyranny and practicing ＂not-doing＂. Later Laozi regarded non-action as a common principle of the universe, society and life. Then Confucius reinterpreted non-action governance from the perspective of benevolent rule and ritual goveruance, profoundly affecting Taoism, Confucianism and Legalism in the later generations, which led to the complete formation of non-action thought.